Detailed assessment of The Toy Essay

Introduction I am a student at †¦.College and I am doing The Early Childhood care and education Course FETAC Level 5. One of mandatory modules in this course is Early Childhood Education and Play and The Toy Critique assignment is part of that. I have to choose a toy and write detailed assessment about it. My chosen toy is The Memo Locomotives Puzzle made by Goki. Goki is the name of the brand for high-quality wooden toys at a fair price, ensuring that excellent toys remain affordable. Memo Locomotives puzzle is set of 32 wooden tiles with 4 different, attractive locomotives and comes in hard cardboard box. Each locomotive is in different colour. To connect pieces together child has to look at colours, pictures and shapes, like square and diamond. Aim, Objectives, Rationale My aim of this assignment is to choose a toy that is suitable for children in age group 0-6 years and to assess and to examine it under various headings. I will critique it fewer than 40 criteria points and discuss the toy specific to P.I.L.E.S and the role of the adult in supporting play. I will write up and evaluate my findings and give conclusion and recommendations at the end. I chose to critique Memo Locomotive Puzzle for this assignment because it is a toy that my family members had played with for few years and children really loves it. I have learned that play is not only enjoyable, but it has a value to learning and development as well. It is in play that young children encounter their own learning situations. Play facilitates social skills and helps children to see things from other people’s point of view. Play helps to strengthen the imagination of children and it is  necessary in cognitive development. Through play, children develop a greater ability to concentrate (Flood and Hardy, 2013, pg 47). Aistear recognises the value of play in early learning and development. Section 3 of the Good Practise Guidelines deals with the subject of play and its role in the early childhood curriculum (Flood and Hardy, 2013, p 165) Aistear recognises the enormous body of research that shows that young children (particularly those aged 0-6) learn most effectively through play and that more directive methods do not work but actually curb children’s natural desire to explore and discover (Flood and Hardy, 2013, pg 92). Going through this assignment I want to find out for what type of play and what stage of play. The Memo Locomotive Puzzle is suitable and I want to see how it stands up in relation not only to play but to learning and developmental values too. I will look at adult’s role in play activities regarding this toy and if there are any changes to be made to improve the toy. I will state my conclusion and give my recommendations at the end. List of criteria 1. Name of toy? Puzzle and Memo Locomotives. 2. What is the price range? It can be bought online at amazon.co.uk and it costs 24 euro, shipping is included. 3. What is a brand for it? The brand is Goki. 4. Who is a toy manufacturer? It is Gollnest & Kiesel KG, Germany. 5. Is it ready available? Yes, it is and can be bought online at amazon.co.uk. 6. At what age group is it suitable? It is suitable for children from 2 years of age up to 6 years of age. 7. Is it suitable for boys or girls? It can be played by boys and girls. 8. Does it suit all cultures? Yes, it does. 9. Is it suitable for children with special needs? Yes, it is. There could be some difficulties to use the puzzle if child has specific movement restrictions. 10. Does it suit single or multiple players? It can be played by single child or up to four children. There are 4 locomotive sets in the box and up to 4 children can play with it at the same time. 11. Is it aesthetically pleasing? Yes, it definitely is. The puzzle comes in four bright, contemporary colours: red, blue, yellow and green. There are lovely, colourful, attractive motifs of animals and children illustrated on it. 12. Is it educational? Yes, it is. It promotes physical, intellectual, language, emotional and social development. 13. Does it help to develop language? Yes, it does. Child names colours, shapes and animals and talks about pictures that appear when pieces are connected. 14. Does it develop motor skills? Yes, it does. It is a great builder of fine motor skills as a child has to connect pieces without a glitch to get a complete picture. 15. Does it encourage imaginative play? No, it does not. This toy is more suitable for manipulation type of play. 16. Does this toy have any sensory benefits to the child? Yes, it does. Wood has individual character, smell and texture. This awakens the natural senses and kelps the child to recognize and understand natural materials. 17. What size is it? Does it need a special storage? The puzzle comes in hard cardboard box sized 21x8x5 cm and does not need a special storage; can be easily put on the shelf. 18. Does it require batteries or does it need to be charged? No, it does not require batteries or charging. 19. From what kind of material is it made of? It is a wooden toy. 20. Is it durable? Yes, it is very durable. The puzzle is made from sturdy wood, so it is very hard to cause any damage to it while it is used in playing activities. 21. What kind of texture does it have? It has smooth, even and solid surface with warm feeling. 22. Is it waterproof? It is not waterproof. But I had experienced that a small amount of water does not cause any damage to the toy. 23. Is it washable or does it need special cleaning? It is not washable and does not need special cleaning. It can be cleaned with dump cloth. 24. Is it for use indoor or outdoor? It is for indoor use, but can be played outdoors as well, if it is not too wet. 25. Is it moveable? Yes, it is. Child can move it, for example, from table to ground very easily. 26. Is it portable? Yes, it is. It comes in nice box with lid and is lightweight. 27. Is it qualitative? Yes, it is. My family members have used this game for more than three years and it still looks and feels the same as it was whet it was brand new. Material is qualitative and sturdy and printings have stayed on place till now. 28. Is it good value for money? Yes, it is. 29. Are parts of it replaceable? No, they are not. 30. Are there levels of difficulty? No, there are not. But adults can make them up, like, asking the child to connect pieces by looking at colours. When child has appreciated it, adult can encourage the child to connect pieces matching the shapes. 31. Are there add-on packs available for it? No, there are no add-on packs available. 32. Is it suitable for multiple purposes? No, it is not. But, if the child has an imagination, he can find another function, for example, use wooden pieces as a part of construction project. 33. Is there a special instruction or programming required? The toy does not require programming or special instruction. 34. Does it require an upgrade? No, it does not require an upgrade. 35. Does it need an adult supervision? It does not require an adult supervision. 36. Is it safe for children? Yes, it is. It is fully tested and certified to meet all safety requirements. It has CE marking. 37. Is there choking risk? No, there is no choking risk. Each piece of puzzle is in size 5Ãâ€"7.7 cm and big enough to be safe for even a very small child. 38. Is it flammable? No, it is not flammable. But it will burn if put in flame, because it is a wooden toy. 39. Does it have a guarantee? No, it does not. But it can be returned to Amazon.co.uk within 30 days of delivery for a full refund. 40. Is it recyclable? Yes, it is. It is made from wood and wood is a natural made material which can be subjected to recycling. 41. Are there reviews about the toy? No, I couldn’t find any reviews about this particular toy. Detailed assessment of the Toy Initially I found out for what type of play my chosen toy can be used for. There are several types of play, but to my chosen Locomotives Puzzle fits Manipulative type of play that is under Physical form of play by Moyles’s forms of play (Beaver et al, 2001, p471). Manipulative play involves practising and refining motor skills. This type of play enhances physical dexterity and hand-eye co-ordination. Over time children need to experience a range of different levels of manipulation if they are to refine their motor skills. This type of play includes manipulating objects and materials (NCCA, 2009, pg 54) Manipulative play includes using puzzles, threading, playdough, carpentry, construction sets and blocks (Department of Education, Training and Employment, 2012, pg2). In this type of play the child has to manipulate with puzzle pieces by lifting, turning and placing them. This  toy can be a part of Intellectual play as well as it helps child to discover and learn colours, shapes and counting and has a benefit to memory skills. This toy can be tested under five areas of benefits to development that links with Aistear’s themes. Aistear recognises the enormous body of research that shows that young children (particularly those aged 0-6) learn most effectively through play and that more directive methods do not work but actually curb children’s natural desire to explore and discover. This section describes how play benefits all five areas of development: intellectual, language, emotional and social (PILES). This links with Aistear’s four themes: wellbeing, identity and belonging, communicating, and exploring and thinking (Flood and Hardy, 2013, p 165). I will look closer how my chosen toy can benefit all five areas of children development. Physical Development: Wellbeing Physical play is very important and essential to children development. Physical play (†¦) promotes gross-motor skills. Children develop balance and increase co0ordinaton trough practising skills such as running, jumping, climbing, skipping, walking on tip-toe, hopping, pedalling, etc. Physical play also promotes health and wellbeing because it increases appetite and tires children so that they sleep well. Physical development also involves the development and refinement of fine-motor skills; creative and construction play are both particularly beneficial in this area (Flood and Hardy, 2013, pg 92). Physical development and health is also one of Key Developmental Indicators (KDIs) that â€Å"together form a framework that guides teachers in the planning process of beneficial learning experiences for the children in their care† ( Flood and Hardy, 2013, pg 61). There are 4 KDIs that relate to physical development and health. This toy is valuable to fine-motor skills. Small-muscle or fine-motor development also is included in the physical development of a child, and deals with such areas as smiling, picking up a fork or tying a shoe. Small-muscle development is evident as infants grasp cereal to put in their mouths and is enhanced by activities such as picking up blocks or drawing with crayons (Brotherson, 2006, pg 2). Playing with The Memo Locomotives Puzzle the child has to lift and turn pieces, and sort them in groups. Children have to do accurate movements to connect pieces thus getting the complete picture of the train.  Children develop control and strength in their fingers by doing that. These things are very essential to educational process at later stage, for example, to handwriting and drawing practise. Intellectual Development: Exploring and Thinking Intellectual, cognitive development takes a big part in children’s overall development. Cognitive development includes the development of each of the following: imagination, creativity, memory skills, concentration skills, problem-solving skills, concept information (Flood, 2013, pg 96). And playing has important role in intellectual development. Through play children can explore and think about a wide range of concepts in a non-threatening way. Play cannot be ‘wrong’ so children are much more likely to take risks with their learning when they are engaged in play (Flood et al, 2013, pg 93). Through play with The Memo Locomotives Puzzle children can explore colours and shapes. This toy helps children to improve their sorting skills, because they have to sort out pieces by colours at the start to make each train. Children will get 8 pieces for each train after sorting them by colours. Now they will be able to sort those 8 pieces in pairs by connecting shapes and by linking pairs together they will get complete train. Each time by playing with it children train their memory skills by remembering which piece has to be taken to make complete diamond shape and which one is needed to make the monkey and bananas picture. Children can learn or improve their counting skill. For example, for a small child teacher/parent can count each piece that child has placed and soon child will start to count together with teacher/parent. Language Development: Communicating The definition of language is: â€Å"Language is any form of communication, be it spoken, written or signed. Language consists of words and system of combining them† (Flood and Hardy, 2013, pg 122) The memo Locomotives Puzzle can give benefits to language development by naming colours, shapes, animals and other parts of pictures. Because of Puzzle’s bright and vivid printings it has a big value to teaching child the right name of exact colour. Besides that, game can be played up to 4 children and by communicating and explaining the rules to each other they will improve they language skills.  Virtually all types of play involve communication. Children negotiate their roles, talk about what they are doing and talk about their plans for what will happen next. (†¦) When playing games with rules, children have to explain rules to newcomers. (Flood and Hardy, 2013, pg 93) Children will learn new words and they will learn new ways how to put words in sentences. Teacher/parent can be a companion to child if he’s playing alone and communicate with him during play thus helping to improve his language development through play. Emotional Development: Identity and Belonging, and Communicating Emotional development involves children learning to deal with their emotions (both negative and positive) in a healthy way. Emotional development also involves the promotion of a positive self-image and high self-esteem. (Flood and Hardy, 203, pg 93) Play is important part of emotional development and The Memo Locomotives Puzzle can help in that. During play with this toy children have to deal with emotions like anger and frustration when something does not work the way children wish to or pride and happiness when they got it right. Those good emotions promote positive self-esteem, child is happy about himself, for example, he is proud he did his train set first or he did his one carefully and at the end it looks nicer than other ones. Children learn to share their emotional with adult and peers, like; child learns not only to show but to talk about his emotions. Emotional regulation is an important part of emotional development (Flood, 2013, pg 175). During play with The Memo Locomotives Puzzle teacher/parent can observe children and help them deal with their negative emotions, like they can teach how to deal with frustration when it is hard for child to find right piece of puzzle. Social Development: Identity and Belonging, and Communicating Social development basically involves the development of three related skills: (1) the ability to interact effectively with others, (2) learning and understanding the norms of the society in which the child lives and (3) moral development. Play can be a very effective way for children to learn and perfect these skills (Flood and Hardy, 2013, pg 94). The Memo Locomotives Puzzle can help children to interact effectively with others. They have to communicate while playing by handing pieces to each other,  helping find the right piece for each other. They have to learn to share The Locomotive’s sets and wait for their turn. They will learn to ask for a piece nicely and use phrases like ‘thank you’ and ‘you are welcome’ thus learning and teaching to each other good manners. Children learn to understand the norms of society by doing that. â€Å"Social norms are descriptions of ‘rules’ about people’s behaviour, beliefs, attitudes and values within a society or social group† (Flood, 2013, pg 151). It is very important to select not only the right type of play to promote child’s development but to make sure that the play will match his stage of development also. Most of theorists of play, like Maria Montessori, Friedrich Froebel, Steiner Waldorf, Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget and Rudolph Steiner, have identified stages of development. For example, Rudolf Steiner distributed 3 different stages: 0-7 years, 7-14 years and 14-18 years (Flood et al, 2013, pg 42-43). The Memo Locomotives Puzzle is suitable for children in age group 2-6 and fits under first stage (0-7) years by Steiner’s concept: The first seven years of children’s lives are of greatest importance. (†¦) Children conquer the skills of movement, speech, gesture and communication. (†¦) Children absorb every aspect of their environment and they are open to external influences also. The focus at this point is on learning by doing (Flood and Hardy, 2013, pg 42-43). I already have clarified that my chosen toy helps to improve children’s basic knowledge in physical, intellectual, language, social and emotional development and it means that age group marked on The Memo Locomotives Puzzle’s label match the concrete toy. Detailed assessment of the role of the adult There are two styles of play that are relevant to adult’s role in children playing activities. They are structured play and free play. Structured play is planned, guided and led by adults. Structured play can be useful but there is a risk that if it is too adult-led children can lose interest. (†¦) Adults can provide support by demonstrating skills that the child can then try out for themselves. (†¦) Some theorists advocated a very structured approach. Montessori advocated that certain skills should be very clearly demonstrated by the adult, with the child carefully watching so that  they could then copy exactly what the adult had done (Food and Hardy, 2013, pg 87, 88) Free play is not adult-led. Adults provide equipment, materials and resources for free play, but they do not direct it any way. Advocates of free play believe that children learn much more from this style of play than from structured play, since they are more motivated by having created it themselves (Flood and Hardy, 013, pg 88). The Memo Locomotives Puzzle needs adult participation to improve children development in all five areas of benefits to development. Adult participation is essential to help children by naming colours or shapes, showing which colour or shape are the one that has been named. Therefore adult attendance is not essential all the time. Children can be left with the toy by themselves thus giving them time to practise their object manipulating skills and memory. Adult has to observe children while playing and make a decision when to intervene and when to stand back. Adult must intervene and help in communication thus helping to develop children’s social and communication skills, like helping to resolve conflicts and to solve problems in peaceful manner. I like Janet Moyles concept and I believe it suits the best regarding adult role to play with The Memo Locomotives puzzle. The concept for which she (Janet Moyles) is best known is the spiral of play or spiral of learning. The spiral of play describes how children move in and out of different modes of play: direct play to free, and back again (Flood and Hardy, 2013, pg 105). Adult observes to children playing and decides when and if he/she is required to intervene in the play to support it. Evaluation I consider results of my assignment as positive and valuable. I found out a lot about my chosen toy’s benefits to children learning through play. I discovered for what type of play this toy would suit the best and how adult can support children in play with it. Conclusion My aim was to find out can The Memo Locomotives Puzzle be supportive in learning through play and give any benefits to children’s development. I  introduced with my chosen toy and did description of the toy including 40 assessment criteria and described the toy under five areas of benefits to children’s development. I also looked at adult role in play with The Memo Locomotives Puzzle. I found out that toy is educational and fun. I found that The Memo Locomotives Puzzle fits under manipulative type of play. The toy can be useful in all five areas of benefits to development: physical, intellectual, language, social and emotional development. I believe that manufacturer has positioned this toy under the right age group because of children’s developmental stages and age stages. I discovered that for this toy looking at adult role better suits structured style of play with adult stepping in and out giving children time for free play as well. Overall I looked at toy from many aspects and found this toy suitable for children’s learning through play. Recommendations My list of advantages and disadvantages: Advantages Disadvantages Attractive for children Age group toy is suitable for Benefits all five areas of children development Material for storage box is not quite durable Affordable High quality Made of natural material In overall I really like this toy. I have experienced that children love this toy and it is attractive for them. There are only two things I would recommend to change about it: 1) Although the toy comes in good hardboard box, I would recommend using wooden box instead. The hardboard box can be destroyed in a second if child steps on it and it would make storage very impractical. I believe it would lead to lost pieces. I agree that wooden box  would make the toy a bit more expensive, but it would make the toy last longer. If there are no pieces lost, this toy really last for many years because of its durability. 2) I would recommend to manufacturer to change an age group that toy is suitable for. Because of my own experience I can say that this toy is really attractive to children aged 2-4. Children at age 5-6 lost their interest after the first time playing with it. They already know colours and they know shapes and they got along very quickly, level of difficulty is too easy for them. All the other aspects, like durability, bright and vivid colours, lovely printings. I believe, are very good regarding this toy. I like about this toy that it is really educational and attractive for children and I would highly recommend it to parents and teachers for children aged 2-4. References Beaver, M., Brewster, J., jones, P., Keene, A., Neaum, S., and Tallack, J., 2001, Babies and children, Diploma in childcare and education, United Kingdom: Nelson Thornes Brotherson Sean, Bright beginnings #8, 2006, US: NDSU Extension Service Department of Education, Training and Employment, 2012, Giving children a flying start, Australia: Queensland Government Flood E., Hardy C., 2013, Early Childhood Education & Play, Dublin: Gill and MacMillan Flood, E., 2013, Child Development, Dublin: Gill and MacMillan NCCA, Aisthear: The Early Childhood Curriculum Framework, 2009, Ireland: NCCA

Interview with Teenagers Essay

Interviewing teenagers turned out to be rather interesting. It’s very relevant the difference in my time of growing up a teen, to now. Teens these days have way more issues to worry about being that drugs, sex, and pregnancy are more tangible then the past. With media using tv, radio, magazines and music to tell teens how they â€Å"need† to be, it’s not hard to believe all the increase in teen violence, depression, and suicide. During the course of this paper I will be discussing the interview that I gave too four teen girls. Each of them came from different backgrounds and had very different, but yet the same answers to being a teen in today’s society. Jasmine Small, Ashley Leivas, Shavon McCorvey, and Emily Morales were the four teens that I chose to interview. Each of these girls comes from different backgrounds. Jasmine grew up without a father, Ashley grew up in foster care, Shavon had both parents present in her household, and Emily was taken from her mother as a child and was raised by her aunt. Just off of me knowing their background it was prevalent that the answers were going to be different and interesting in the same. In the beginning I made sure to discuss the purpose of this interview and notified them that they could stop me at any time for questions, or if the interview becomes too personal. After having done that all of the girls seemed to be relieved, and at that moment my interview began. What do you like about being a teenager was the first question asked all the girls. All of the girls agreed that having friends and having fun, and hanging out were the highlights of their youth. They all had their group of friends and all liked to go to the mall, movies, and â€Å"kick-backs† (parties). When I asked if school was significant to them they all laughed and said that they like school but it wasn’t too important to them. When asked about their dislikes they all had different answers. Jasmine answered that her dislike was going to school. She felt as if she didn’t learn anything, as if school was useless. Ashley disliked the fact that there is a lot of drama as far as people gossiping inside of school. She explained how many people perceived her as a person that likes to fight, and is promiscuous, when she is the exact opposite. She has issues that she’s dealing with and doesn’t seem to get along with other girl which is why she finds herself in a lot of altercations. Shavon’s dislike was growing up in Lancaster, she was born and raised in Los Angeles and was recently brought out here two years ago. She just wished that she had control over where she lived. Emily didn’t have an answer to this question she was having a difficult time with trying to determine what was a huge dislike. She couldn’t think of any so we moved on. Who is the most important thing in your life right now was an interesting question that I couldn’t wait to ask. Each answer was unique and heartwarming. Jasmines was her mother, she was very happy about having such a good mother who did all she could for children. She had not one bad thing to say about her mother. Ashley’s was her brother; her brother was the only biological family member that she had. She had seven other family members but all were split up in foster care in different states. Shavon’s was her sister; she was very close to her sister and shared everything with her. Emily’s was her cousin, whom she considered as a sister, she was close with her, and like Shavon, shared everything with her. They all had their individual stories on how close they were with their important person, and how they couldn’t imagine life without them. Of all the questions I believe that the question, if you could change one thing about your life what would it be and why, was the most important question. It showed that the girls all seemed to have some issues with growing up whether it be peer pressure or living without certain family members. Jasmine said that she would have her father in her life. She felt as if she had her father she would be a different person. She really wanted to have a relationship with her father. Ashley main thing she would change is to have a mother that cared and wasn’t on drugs. She said that she is very appreciative of her foster mother, but she would love to have known her real mother. Shavon’s change would be for her to move back to Los Angeles. She said that since she has moved to Lancaster everything has changed and that she is being mistreated at school. She began to explain that she left behind a lot of friends and didn’t seem to fit in. Emily, like Ashley, wanted her biological mother back. Unlike Ashley, Emily lived with her mother god enough to remember her before she was taken out her home. She remembered her mother for the good things that she did and not the drugs, like everyone else portrayed her mother as. During this interview it was very evident the issues that teens these days face. Later on in the interview we talked about peer pressure and if it affected them. They all stressed that peer pressure is hard not to fall into and that do have plenty of friends who are weak minded and whom have become pregnant or is having unprotected sex. They all are very smart and know how to say no when peer pressure arises. Being that I’m not that far in age many other the issues that they face, I did to growing up. There aren’t many differences except that everything is more prevalent as far as sex and pregnancy.

Creating Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Creating Art - Essay Example The majority of two-dimensional art is carried out on paper. The supplement of novel technology has made photography additionally available to early infantile programs. Many probabilities for two-dimensional art exist, for instance, rubbing, collage, stenciling, cutting, printing, pasting, along with torn paper painting. Finger paint is a supplementary medium, which is intriguing to young kids. In the present day, it is conceivable to construct art using the software presently available for computers. Many instruments exist for utilization by young kids that encourages their artwork creation. The more appropriate ones include digital cameras, overhead projectors, internet, MS Word programs, and special notes. Three-dimensional art is known as art to creations, which have substance. This means that they stand upright as an alternative to lying down flat on surfaces. Clay referred to as â€Å"real artist† consists of earth and is regularly bought within art storehouses or even from a supply house. Wood scarps, along with pieces of plywood have the aptitude to be utilized to create projects that are three-dimensional. Plastic or even Styrofoam cups offer an additional creation material (Isbell & Raines, 2013). Storing work that is in progress is important and educators must find a place within the classroom where kids are able to store their half-finished work. Various art is created by a kid at the same time as he or she is working on a particular item in an individual manner (Isbell & Raines, 2013). As young kids turn out to be additionally skilled with art, the components, as well as materials, they are able to start working on projects as groups so that they can get opportunities, work collaboratively, study from others, and cooperate with each other on ideas. The art center or studio is a particular area within the classroom that is meant to serve as the center for creations that are

The effects of arranged marriages on women in India Research Paper

The effects of arranged marriages on women in India - Research Paper Example Husband’s or in-laws’ expectations when not met in this regard often result in a never ending experience of physical and mental abuse for women. In addition to that, failure to give dowry also leads to delayed marriages which is also another social stigma experienced by Indian women. Where marriage provides an opportunity to a couple for satisfying their social, libidinal and emotional needs, lack of understanding, extreme differences in opinions and inability to compromise often results in marital problems. Since women spend more time in domestic settings, rate of depression and other psychological problems is more eminent in them due to lack of outlet of negative emotions. The situation tends to be more difficult for educated men and women who are habitual of having personal independence before marriage. Sexual encounters with unknown partners after wedding also tends to be a stigmatic experience for Indian women which can affect their approach towards men on long-ter m basis. Absence of long-term nurturing or general know-how of future husband’s nature, extra involvement of in-laws in decisions of couples and sacrificing one’s priorities unwilling i.e. career and education, can be triggers that may affect marital life in case of arranged marriages. Arranged marriage system also provides more dominance to men over their wives which further endanger welfare of women due to very foundation of this social system. Comparing advantages and disadvantages of arranged marriages in India, it is important to identify if demerits of arranged marriages for Indian women outweigh benefits offered by this social phenomenon. 2. Advantages of Arranged Marriages Matchmaking in Indian culture is a common social function performed by elders, extended family and friends and is considered as a source of references for acquiring eligible bachelor or bachelorette for daughters and sons of the family. With involvements of elders and dominant family figures in this search, the resultant is a social, economic, religious and cultural compatibility between two families which is also expected between spouses as well. This is precisely the reason why some non-resident Indian families also tend to seek partners for their sons and daughters from India (Kalpagam 207). It is also important to note that divorce rates are expected to be lower in arranged marriages due to presence of third parties and social support provided by family members for conflict resolution among a wife and husband (Bentley n.p; ‘Arranged/ Forced’ n.p). Furthermore, divorce is considered as stigma in Indian culture especially for women therefore arranged marriages provide more support against couples’ divorces which also saves their social stature in Indian culture. Also, strong family ties are an integral part of Asian and other ethnic cultures i.e. Indian, Chinese, Greek and Latina. In addition to that, ignoring personality differences, couples of ar ranged marriages are relatively less influenced by environmental factors i.e. financial or social dominance of one partner over other since they have been already considered, and discord with other family members hampering effectiveness of marital life. Lastly, arranged marriages began with little expectations since nature of partner is usually unknown for man and woman. Therefore, they are more likely to tolerate differences among them as compared to love marriages that may have

Iron and silk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Iron and silk - Essay Example In the book, several times, people exert authority over him in a way he finds frustrating. This essay seeks to address several issues raised by Salzam in his book Iron and Silk, such as people frustrating him and others through exerting authority over them in a brutal way. One incident was when he killed a large rat during a lesson out of pure reflexes. A student suggests that he takes the rat across to the rat collection center so that he can receive a reward. He does not however get it as he is told that the reward is restricted to students killing rats in the dormitory. Later on a student explains to him that the official statements concerning rats is that they were no longer existent and that only internal documents that foreigners cannot read admit to the rat problem. Since he had killed the rat, he could not be rewarded as that would imply that they admit to the presence of rats and they could be criticized. Usually, I have found people to do what would appear to be a silly thing in order to protect how others think about them. It is in their nature to want to control the information that other people receive about them which informs their opinions towards them, for example how people carefully select what to post on face book. In this scenario, the institution would rather have denied the rats’ presence to an outsider that had seen one and obviously knotted their being than to admit to the public that they actually war. To them, it was a case of choosing the better evil. His restraint in this situation is however recommendable as he refuses to dwell for long on his grievances. This they probably did to protect their own reputation as an institution. It has been argued that actions that are felt to be wrong produce a need to withhold knowledge of them from others, which produces guilt and hostility. This implies that if one has been unable to solve a problem well and satisfactorily, they feel ‘forced’ to commit another action that

The various activities within a company should be coordinated by the Essay

The various activities within a company should be coordinated by the preparation of plans of actions for future periods. Thes - Essay Example This paper compares three basic terms that are planning, control and budgeting and describes the process involved in preparing a master budget and behavioral issues that a firm may face while preparing the budget. Planning, Control and Budgeting A successful organization prepares both short and long term planning. Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso, 2009, p. 388) pointed that planning is the process of establishing enterprise wide objectives because plans not only set forth the objectives of the company but also the proposed ways of accomplishing them. As Davies and Pain (2002, p. 410) described, planning refers to the establishment of objectives and the formulation, evaluation and selection of the policies, strategies and tactics that are required for achieving the established objectives. Planning includes long term planning or commonly termed as strategic planning and short term planning. ... 410). Long term planning involves strategic planning over two or more years and the identification of the basic strategy that the firm may follow and the gaps between future needs and present capabilities of the firm (Drury, 2006, p. 426). As long-term plans include looking in to future for two or several years, the plans may become uncertain, imprecise and subject to change. Long term planning or strategic planning expresses certain steps required to achieve an organization’s goals because it considers intermediate and distant future. Long-range plans give detail about major capital investments required for maintaining present facilities, increasing capacity, diversifying products or procurement and developing markets. Long-range plans may aim at cost control or increasing market share for duration of three or more years (Hilton, Maher and Selto, 2005, p. 597). Budgeting involves the coordination of both financial and non-financial planning with a view to satisfy organisation al goals and objectives. It involves planning for future profitability because maintaining long-term profitability is very critical to organizational objectives. Kimmel, Weygandt and Kieso (2008, p. 1010) emphasized that budgeting and long-term planning are not the same. The main difference between them is the time period involved. Maximum length of a budget is one year and therefore budget is a kind of short-term plan. Other major differences between the long-term planning and budgeting are the emphasis and the amounts of details presented. Budgeting is meant for achieving certain short-term goals like meeting annual profit goals whereas long-term planning is meant to identify long-range goals, find and select effective strategies and develop policies and plans to implement the

The Core Functions of Public Health Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Core Functions of Public Health - Case Study Example alth prospects of the citizens and to check the power of the state over maintaining autonomy, privacy, freedom, and proprietary stakes of people and businesses. Incidentally, without sound public health law infrastructure a government cannot cater to the interests of the community by controlling injury and disease, and service the cause of the community health. Some of the examples of how public health laws are implemented include creating awareness among the people. It is similar to prevention strategies so that wrong practices are discouraged through knowledge providing. Government provides education and incentives for adhering to socially good practices through health communication campaigns. Positive behavioral change is brought about by public health authorities to change product design considering the safety aspect of the people. Wrong product designs are checked by the government, asking proprietors to apply safety parameters or face tort system. The surrounding physical, informational, social or economic scenario can be changed through the application of law. For instance, it is expected from the manufacturers, producers, and various goods and services providers to follow labeling procedures correctly. Instructions are issued by the government over the limited promotion of unhealthy products. For example, housing and building codes are enforced to avoid injury and disease and reduce emissions into the environment so that air pollution could be checked. These are various informational tools. The government uses them for the overall health of the people and to promote the cause of their health in general. All these measures are taken by the government under the public health law, which is the basic responsibility of the government. The five essential traits of the article are based on the definition of public health law. It defines public health law, as the analysis of legal rights and duties of the state to provide them with healthy living conditions and

Critical Communication Event in Wireless Telecommunications Essay

Critical Communication Event in Wireless Telecommunications - Essay Example The history of wireless technology is not a onetime affair. It has been a gradual advancement that has seen bit after bit of new knowledge added to the already existing pool so that conveyance of information in the modern time has become an easy affair (Goldsmith, 2007). The case between Emery and Southwest Airlines is a classic example of issues that erupt daily which without the modern forms of communication may never be known. Emery is denied entry into the Airline’s flight on the account of his weight. The issue is seen to trigger a lot of public interest as a function of its wide coverage in the media through television and the internet. The very fundamental role of the media is reflected in this case. It is important to realize that the media solely acts as a means through which the masses can obtain the information and no more. The information is relayed through such outlets as eTurbo and ABC News which clearly analyze the whole situation thereby making the public quite informed and aware of the true nature of the Airline. It is therefore important to acknowledge the role played by modern -day communication more so wireless communication in the dissemination of very fundamental information that relates to humanity. Through such informa tion, people are able to exercise their social characteristics to the benefit of humanity at

Proessionals Responsibility To The Society Essay Example for Free

Proessionals Responsibility To The Society Essay Professionals should not restrict their work to their work place only. Instead they should extend it to the community in which they operate. Professionals can be involved in the society in many ways which include education, economic empowerment and creation of international links. Professionals have a wider understanding of the contemporary affairs. This knowledge can be used to educate the society on its civil rights, how to respond to social challenges and enlightening them on the national and international affairs. The society expects the professionals to use their knowledge and understanding of these matters to help them to be better braced to face challenges in the society. Education can be done through seminars, awareness meeting and mobilizations in order to enable the people to live together harmoniously. The society needs awareness in matters of gender parity, respect for religious and racial differences within the community and other social matters as may be violated in the society. Another area of education is how to utilize the natural resources sustainably since ignorance of such a serious matter can cause drastic effects on people. Â  Professionals can also contribute to the economic empowerment of the society through many ways. They can either directly or indirectly take part in activities aimed at developing people economically in the society. They can do this by proving the necessary conducive environment that can enable people in the society to realize their full potential. In empowering people, professionals have the obligation to enlighten the society on the factors of production available to them and how to look for market for their goods. They can also contribute directly by building schools, factories and medical facilities where people in the community can access them easily. Professionals are in a better position, due to their experience and knowledge, to identify talents in the society. Such talents can be developed and promoted in order to enable be people to live to their potentials. Organization of sporting activities and meet people campaigns are some of the activities which can be used to achieve this. At the same time professionals can use their knowledge to provide carrier counseling for students within the community in which they work. This can help them in choosing their carriers hence empowering them economically in future. Â  Professionals can help to link the society with the outside world. Since they have a better understanding of the culture, believes and economic activities of other people, they can enlighten the society not only on how to interact but also areas of interaction that can realize maximum returns out of such interactions. They can be involved in exchange programs in fields of education, business and culture to mention but a few. This can promote international understanding and cooperation among different countries. Â  Journalists are supposed to provide information to the society. However, this can be difficult in societies where the living standards are low. It becomes difficult for people to access the information due to poverty levels. At the same time some in some countries there is lack of freedom to journalists. They are limited on what they can report. While fighting for their rights, they should fight for the rights of the society as well. Â  Teachers on the other hand are supposed to reduce illiteracy level in the society but this is made difficult by the fact that education is expensive in some countries. Cultural reasons also water their efforts to lighten the society through education. Â  Lawyers can be of benefit to the society by promoting civil rights in the society but their work is hindered mostly by cultural and reasons. Some practices which violate human rights are in most cases valued highly by people in the society. Failure to report of injustices committed in the society also contributes to the difficulties the lawyers face in carrying out their responsibility to the society. Â  Reference: 1). www.internews.org/global/gov/default.shtm 2). www.americanpressinstitute.org/pages/resources/2005/07/

Locus of Control Essay Example for Free

Locus of Control Essay After completing and evaluating my responses to the Locus of Control Assessment, my result was that I have an internal locus of control. An internal locus of control is when a person believes that they are generally in control of the events that affect their life. In my opinion, the assessment is right, I believe I control most of the events that happen in my life. Now, on the other end an external locus of control is when a person believes that they generally do not have control of the events that affect their life (Myers, 2012, p. 1). The two reliable sources I found that provided information on Locus of Control were www. ncrel. org and www. psych. uncc. edu. After conducting some research I have determined that there are positive and negative outcomes for both internal and external locus of control. The important thing is to keep a balance between them. Some positive internal locus of control situations are when you study hard and get an A in your test or when you enter a contest and win. In these situations you controlled the event in your life. The negative aspect of an internal locus of control is that in some cases you can’t control the events that affect your life. For example being diagnosed with colon cancer or having surgery to remove your intestine. In these situations are person with an internal locus of control may feel hopeless and blame them selves for not preventing it. When it comes to an external locus of control the positive aspect of it is that when situations arise that person will most likely attribute it to something else. For example, they would say it was luck if they won the lottery or the teacher was in a good mood if they got a C in their math class. In negative cases they will blame others for the outcome because they believe they don’t have any control over the events that happened in their life. An example would be if they don’t do their homework because their mom forgot to buy paper or if they have an accident and rear end the person in front of them and blame the other driver for stopping abruptly. In my opinion, it is better to have an internal locus of control. The reason why I believe this is because in most cases we have control over certain events that happen in our life. Having an external locus of control would give the person no sense of responsibility for their actions since they feel they do not have control over it. A person with an internal locus of control is more responsible, successful, easily motivated and always looking for improvement within them. A person with an external locus of control is less responsible, blames everyone else for their failures, is less motivated and success is something they feel will happen if others achieve it for them. Depending on the situation or the life event these two have to be balanced. If you’re a person with an internal locus of control like me and we experience a situation that is out of our hands we have to accept that and understand that not everything in life can be controlled. Some things are going to happen no matter what we do. In cases like this is when it’s good to have an external locus of control because for some people not being in control all the time and experiencing a situation that is out of their hands can be damaging for their self-esteem. When an event arises we should be able to logically look at the situation and analyze if there was anything we could have done different to solve the problem or avoided it and evaluate the decisions we made that concluded with the end result. Once you analyze the situation you can determine if changing the steps you took would have changed the end result. If it wouldn’t have changed the out come then it was out of your hands and you should see it as an external locus instead of an internal locus.

History of Hollywood

History of Hollywood Hollywood cinema is the most popular in the world.  Hollywood has a significant influence on the cinema of other countries, its no secret that it was Hollywood movies set in the fashion of many genres of film.  They are decisive in the choice of subject, and in the selection of an ensemble of actors, and in creating the image of the film for an advertising campaign.  Today this industry still dictates fashion for movies, every year it produces thousands of films. And that is something! The old studio system in Hollywood combined the production of films, their rent and a network of cinemas.  This system, which allowed major U.S. companies to win national and international markets, known as the Golden Age of Hollywood. Film production has two main components: the producer and his film crew and services.  Many of the major studios of the world combine these processes under one roof: for example the famous Seven studious in Hollywood Fox, Universal, Paramount, Sony, Disney, Warner, MGM.  Other studios offer only services and rent out their premises for lease without their own production and distribution: for example the famous Hollywood studio Raleigh.  All those and others, regardless of whether they run in the production of their own products or not, have one thing in common the perfect industrial base.   History of creation of cinema industry in the USA and Creation of Hollywood The creation of cinema is considered to be the date of the first public display of film of brothers Louis and Auguste Lumiere, on December 28, 1895.   At that time Lumià ¨re brothers showed only their moving pictures in Paris Grand Cafe, and in the U.S. film industry was already a dynamic industry of entertainment.  Thomas Alva Edison in 1891, presented his movie-making camera and peep show the device that projected moving image onto the screen.  However, the screen size was slightly larger than a matchbox, but for a minute audience could see a moving picture.  Two years later, William   Dickson, Edisons assistant, built first studio and began to make films that appear in cinema salons. Unexpectedly peep show became very popular, maybe because it created the illusion of a long trip or visiting the theater, where different comedies or entertaining stories were shown.  From the invention of the Lumiere brothers, peeps differed only by one thi ng the lack of a large screen, that was corrected by Edison in April 1896.  Since then, the U.S. salons became real cinemas. Why the cinema was so popular in the United States?  In Europe films and cinema were entertainment for more or less wealthy people, and in America they immediately became available to the mass public. In 1908, Edison subjected to himself all firms that used while film production and distribution his proprietary equipment.  Everyone who wanted to work in the field of cinematography, was supposed to make a charge, otherwise he threatened to prosecute.  To escape from the agents of Edison, William H. Zelig shifted production of his films from Chicago to California, opening Hollywood studio.  So did also Carl Lemmle, who moved his company from the capital of cinema New York to the West Coast. ( Bowser,   1990, p. 160.) Cinema came in Hollywood in the person of Colonel William H. Zelinga, who in the beginning of XX century bought the piece of land in Wilcoxs area for a branch of his Chicago production company. He acted entirely on legal rights he had an official license for the survey equipment and rolling copying movies.  However, in 1907 in America broke the so-called patent war, the essence of which were disputes about the ownership of projection equipment.  After that, the municipality of Los Angeles forbidden to open in the city and its environs nickelodeons (semi-underground cinema, at the entrance to which was taken a charge of five cents, in English Ni, and Odeon is a theater, where the stolen movies were shown on unlicensed equipment). Interest  to the cinema in America evolved in parallel with great colonization process of the country with people all over the world, who were the potential audience. For example, in 1907 only from Europe to America came to 1,285,000 people, who gave a new and strong impetus to the development of cinema. In addition, it were immigrants who became founders of the countrys largest movie studios: Adolf Tsukor (Hungary  ), who began his career as an apprentice at the furriers, founded  «Paramount »; Charles Lemley (Germany) founded the  «Universal », Warner Brothers (Poland) founded the  «Warner Brosers », Louis B. Mayer (  Russia, Belarus) founded  «Metro-Goldwin-Mayer ». (Scott, 2005) HOLLYWOOD -is a district in Los Angeles, California, located in northwest of downtown Los Angeles.  It is famous as the historical center of movie studios and movie stars.   The first studio in Hollywood was founded by Centaur Company, located in New Jersey, that wanted to shoot westerns in California.  They rented an abandoned roadside diner at 6121 Sunset Boulevard at the corner of Gower-street, and turned it into the studio in October 1911, calling it Studio Nestor in honor of the western branch of the company.  Later the building became film lab in Hollywood, which is now called « Hollywood Digital Laboratory  ».  ( Bowser, 1990) The first feature film made in the studio Hollywood, in 1914, was the film an Indian husband, created by Cecil B. DeMille and Oscar Apfel.  Feature films, made in Los Angeles before Indian Husband were the films From Dusk Till Dawn (1913) and Sea Wolf (1913). (Bowser,  1990, p. 160.) Hollywood had a lot of advantages: there was a lot of sun, spread out around the magnificent scenery mountains, valleys, islands, lakes, beaches, deserts, forests where it was possible to recreate any character that comes on the planet.  The land here is cheap cost, around there were numerous labor for construction and maintenance of studios.  By 1915 it was concentrated 60% of American filmmaking, and for the next five years, an system of film studios, which allowed Hollywood to become a cinema capital of the world.   The word Hollywood is often used as the word movie in the United States.  Alias refers to Tinseltown shiny surface typical of Hollywood and the film industry.  Currently, most of the industry dispersed in nearby cities such as Burbank and the Los Angeles Westside, but such auxiliary industries like editing, effects, props, post-production and lighting companies, remain in Hollywood, as well as for location filming in  Paramount Pictures. In 1911 the company Nestor Company opened in Hollywood at the corner of Sunset Boulevard and the streets Gouner first studio.  By 1920 years in Hollywood studios have opened such as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Paramount Pictures, Warner Brothers, Twentieth Century Fox, and Hollywood became the center of American cinema.  The growing film industry require appropriate infrastructure.  In Hollywood, they built homes for many film companies, employees, opened a lot of banks, restaurants, clubs, cinemas.  After World War II look of Hollywood once again changed.  Although most studios were in the Hollywood, many movie stars and show business have moved to Beverly Hills, was followed by fashionable restaurants and shops. Many historic Hollywood theaters are used as places of filmmaking and concert venues in major theatrical releases and prime of the Academy of Awards.   Very often the notion of American Cinema and Hollywood unite.  And this is a big mistake. American cinema it is not only a huge Hollywood film industry, but also developed a system of independent cinema.  This film, produced by enthusiasts without the intervention of major film companies, which they simply do not support.  On the one hand, this means smaller budgets, on the other hand less pressure on the directors.  This film is usually not rich, because the producers of film-makers have to look for themselves (and often have to invest and own money).However, in the U.S. independent film is quite popular.  In addition, it also earned worldwide recognition, not just winning on the international kinokonkursah and festivals, and has yielded a number of major contemporary authors.  Prominent representatives of the modern independent American cinema are Woody Allen, John Malkovich, Michael Moore, Jim Jarmusch, David Lynch, Joel and Ethan Coen. Filmmaking in Hollywood from the era of silent cinema to the Golden Age of Hollywood Hollywood began his fame in the era of silent films.  Although the films of that era were shown without sound, talented directors and artists had made them a highly entertaining spectacle.  Films made during the silent movies era in Hollywood are among the greatest masterpieces in cinema history.  Although the directors of silent films often resorted to using titles that told the audience important information, yet the main stake was done on the visual images, not only on the development of the plot, but also in the transfer of thoughts and feelings of characters.  Of course, the audience needed time to understand the language of the Great Silent, but  soon it became really successful. (Koszarski, 1990) Creation of feature films in 1920 was very difficult. While the system of studios offered little opportunity for expressions of artists, it nevertheless had generated a lot of talented filmmakers.  Some of them, such as John Ford or King Vidor, had taken a prominent place in the history, others, like James Cruz, Rex Ingram, Lewis Weber and Fred Niblo, were forgotten. (Koszarski, 1990) With the advent of sound cinema, filmmaking began to flourish.  The success was so deafening that Hollywood had entered a period of greatest prosperity, when its perfectly executed masterpieces helped the audience in the world at least temporarily forgot emotion of that troubled era. Indeed, the silent cinema was never completely silent.  Even the first film screenings were held with the accompaniment of a pianist.  By 1920s, many cinema had their own organs, machines of sound and even orchestras.  In Hollywood, directors were in no hurry to spend huge money on renovations of theirs studios and movie theaters, fearing that talking films could just be a passing fad. (Koszarski, 1990) But by the mid 1920s the company, Warner Brothers, was facing severe financial difficulties, and it was necessary to somehow attract the audience.  In 1926 the studio released the film Don Juan a costume film with sound and orchestral music recorded by the system Vitafon.  But finally the era of silent films ended only in October 1927, when the film The Jazz Singer with Al Jolson in the leading role was released. The transition to sound film was so expensive that Hollywood was forced to seek sources of funding to apply to banks and other business institutions.  In return, some of them, expressing the views of various religious organizations demanded that the film studios to avoid sensitive topics.  As a result, in 1934, Hollywood had to take a set of rules, known as the Production Code: according to this code, in Hollywood movies were not allowed criticism of any religious believes, surgery, drug use, drunkenness, and cruelty to children or animals.  The use of curses, even the most innocuous, is also forbidden.  It was impossible to show details of robberies and acts of violence, to discourage violations of law, and criminals were not allowed to kill police officers.  Stringent restrictions are imposed on everything that was related to sex.  Nude actors on the screen, showing same-sex and interracial love affairs and even passionate kissing was stric tly prohibited. When Hollywood began producing its sound pictures, it quickly regained its reputation as the director of best film production, which made it the capital of world cinema in the era of silent films.  1930-1945 years were the golden age of Hollywood.  Its studios during this time brought into the world 7500 full-length films.  Most of them were black and white, but since 1935 were coming out more and more films made with the use of Technicolor. (Scott, 2005)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  The system of studios remained virtually unchanged, although the organization was similar studios, each of them has developed his own special style. The largest of the studios Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer asserted that it had more stars than the sky.  It specialized on bright and cheerful family pictures. Production Company Paramount felt strong influence of European cinema.  Many of its films delt with topics of wealth, power and human passions. The company United Artists didnt made own films, but engaged rental tapes of independent producers, such as Samuel Goldwyn and David O. Selznick. (Scott, 2005) The company Warner Brothers had never been rich, but still managed to release a number of popular gangster movies, social films and musicals. XX Century Fox also filmed musicals, westerns and historical pictures, but with very modest budget. The Company Universal had no equal in the era of silent films, but with the advent of sound had to go to the staging of cheap game tapes, mostly horror films.   Columbia was in great distress that survived only by borrowing stars and directors for its most important films from other studios. In the center of each film were of course the stars, although much attention was paid to the quality of the script, as well as costumes, sets and lighting.  Nevertheless, the astronomical fees of stars were in the past, moreover, now they were all involved with very stringent contracts with one or another studio.  The actor, who refused from the proposed role, was threatening suspension from work or the loan of another movie company. In late 1930 the lives of ordinary Americans were not easy: in the era of the Great Depression even the biggest studios with difficulty managed to attract audience in cinema halls. One way of attracting of the public was the practice of double sessions.  Now the film A the main full-time film was accompanied by a less expensive film B within a single session.  Many films of Class B were produced by small cinema companies, which were nicknamed the fraternity of beggars.   The most fortunate of them were of Republic and Monogram, that produced practically more than 40 films a year: they were mostly westerns, adventure films and thrillers. 1946 was for Hollywoods biggest studios the year of greatest success in its history.  However, a few months later, it plunged into the deepest crisis caused by the need to reorganize the system of film studios, the changes in audience preferences, as well as government investigation which went down in history as the Hollywood witch hunt. (Scott, 2005) The foundation of the major Hollywood studios and their influence and dominance in the American filmmaking processes Paramount History of  «Paramount Pictures » began in May 1912.  The companys founder and one of the first producers Adolph Zukor saw that the existing cinemas attract mostly migrants from the working class, so together with partners Daniel Frohman Charles Frohman, he decided to open the first cinema showing art films, which will focus on the middle class due to the fact  that the pictures will be removed leading actors of that time.   In the same year another producer Jesse Louis Lasky opened  «Lasky Feature Play Company ». As the first employee company Lasky took on the work a theater director Cecil B. De Mille, who had at that time no experience in cinema.   Since 1914, the company Lasky and the studio  «Famous Players » mandated distribution of the pictures of the new company Paramount Pictures  », that was founded earlier, in the 1914by the owner of several theaters in Utah William Wadsworth Hodkinson, who had bou ght and merged a few smaller firms. (Scott, 2005) Soon  «Paramount Pictures  » became the first successful film studio in the country. Until then, movies were distributed only  in the territory of one state or region that was not effective. One of the first slogans of the company was the motto  «Famous Players in Famous Plays ».   The company was signing contracts and raised many stars, like Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, Gloria Swanson, Rudolph Valentino and Wallace Reid.  With the arsenal of the stars  «Paramount » was unable to introduce such a thing as a  «block booking », which meant that if the cinema owner wishes to buy a film with good actors, it had to purchase another smaller films of  «Paramount » for rental throughout the year .  Such a system of relationships could, on the one hand, make  «Paramount » a leader in this position in the 20-30s, but on the other to allow the Government to prosecute the company on the basis of competition law for more than 20 years. During the 20-ies of  the last century, Zukor managed to built a huge theatrical network of more than 200 screens, driving two filmmaking studios and became one of the first investors in the radio, getting a 50% stake in a newly created in 1928  «Columbia Broadcasting System ».  By purchasing in 1926 a thriving cinema network  «Balaban Katz », he hired Barney Balaban, who became president of  «Paramount », and Sam Katz, who ruled the cinema circuit  «Paramount-Publix ».  Zukor also hired independent producer BP Schulberg who was managing the studio  «West Coast ».  (Scott, 2005)   In 1927 the company  «Famous Players-Lasky » changed its name to  «Paramount-Famous Lasky Corporation », and three years later, taking into account the importance of cinema  «Publix », was renamed to  «Paramount-Publix Corporation ».(Scott, 2005) As before, the film company  «Paramount » continued to focus on the stars: in the 20-ies  they were Gloria Swanson, Rudolph Valentino.  By 30s of the  last century many new talents appeared: Marlene Dietrich, Mae West, Gary Cooper, Claudette Colbert, the Marx Brothers, Dorothy Lamour, Carole Lombard, Bing Crosby, the famous Argentine tango dancer Carlos Gardel and many others.  At this time  «Paramount » really was called a factory of the production of film, which produced 60-70 films in a year.  thesewere the benefits of a huge network of cinemas and the previously mentioned system of  «block booking ». Multiplication unit of the  «Paramount » also had great success, thanks to two main characters: sailor Pop and Betty Boop.  Studio  «Fleischer Studios » produced cartoons with both heroes right up until 1942, when  «Paramount » reorganized the company, made it  «Famous Studios », and gained control over the cartoons. In 1940  «Paramount » agreed with the government decision to terminate the systems of  «block booking » and  «pre-selling » (practice of collecting money in advance for the rental of films, which are still in the stage production).  Although a similar action in the company has been a serious reduction in production costs, nodding the bar from 60 to more moderate 20 films a year. However, with new stars Bob Hope, Alan Ladd, Veronica Lake, Paulette Goddard and Betty Hutton and an astronomical number of  the movie in time of war,  «Paramount » and other companies, who owned a combination of studio-theater, earned more than they had ever before. That is why the Federal Trade Commission and the U.S. Justice Department decided to reopen the case against five companies owning such a combination.  All this eventually led in 1948 to the U.S. Supreme Court decision that brought an end to the classical Hollywood studios system. Company  «Paramount » was divided in two:  «Paramount Pictures Corporation » was still involved in film production, including those intended for display in the 1500-screen cinemas. Company  «Paramount Pictures » was among the first followers of television in 1939, running in Los Angeles an experimental television station, later known as  «KTLA », and station  «WBBM-TV » in Chicago. The company also invested in innovative DuMont Laboratories  and DuMont Television Network. However, due to aggravation of anti-trust control by the state after 1948  «Paramount » limited participation in the television network, and  «DuMont » in the mid-50s of the last century ceased to exist. Animation and production of short films  «Paramount » came into the possession of various television producers, who are mostly cartoons and shows acquired by  «UM M.  T.V.  Corp.  ».Animation about Popayà ¡n were sold  «Associated Artists Productions »,  «Superman »  «Motion Pictures for Television », while the remaining cartoons were sold to the company  «Harvey Comics ». In the beginning of the 1960s the future of  «Paramount » was a question: a risky movie business was not successful, cinema network was in the past, investments in  «DuMont » and play TV turned to nothing. Despite tough times,  «Paramount » released commercially successful pictures such as  «The Odd Couple » (1968), Love Story (1970), Rosemarys Baby (1968) and Chinatown. (Scott, 2005) In the 80-90-s.  of the last century, the successful promotion of Paramount Pictures in the field of light movie was even more intensive producing such hits as Flashdance (1983), Friday the 13th, Raiders of the Lost  Ark (1981) and its sequel Beverly Hills COP » (1984), and of course film series with comedian Eddie Murphy and films series of Star Trek.  Despite the fact that special attention was paid to commercial cinema, from time to time serious dramatic film were made, like Atlantic City (1980) and Forrest Gump (1994).  At the same time in the collection of films  «Paramount » more than usually degree began to appear remakes and television tapes based on the movies.  Although sometimes they have been commercially successful, yet the studio had produced very few films of the same level which once made a Paramount Pictures a leader in the production of movies. In 2005  «Paramount » announced the acquisition of the company  «DreamWorks » for 1,6 billion U.S. dollars. This agreement did not include the unit DreamWorks Animation SKG Inc., which is the most profitable part of the company DreamWorks. However,  «Paramount » got the right to hire and distribution of profitable animated pictures  «DreamWorks », which include Shrek Franchise. The American company engaged in the manufacture and distribution of film production, Paramount Pictures Corporation is now located in Hollywood and now this company is the oldest American film studio. The place where it is now- is the historical centre of cinema production, and for many visitors with a newly renovated studio  «Paramount » embodies Hollywood, and the tour tothe studio attracts a large number of guests. Universal Studios Universal Studios (Universal Pictures) is the second largest Hollywood studios, a subsidiary of NBC Universal and is included in more than a dozen studios in the world. Universal was founded on the base of one of its predecessors Yankee Film Company (1909).  Founder of Universal are Carl Lemley, and Abe and Julius Stern. In 1908 Thomas Edison created Motion Pictures Trust, which collected payments from all aspects of the film business from production to the show because he owned a patent for an electric motor used in cameras and a film projector, and a monopoly on distribution.  Lemly and other theater owners saw the way in getting rid of Edisons monopoly in the production of original films, which led to the fact that Lemley with partners in June 1909, created a Yankee Film Company.   Soon, the company has become a Independent Moving Pictures Company, and from 8 June 1912, it became known as Universal Film Manufacturing Co.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  The main areas of activity were Universal film production and distribution. Very important for the development and success of the company was commemoration in the titles the names of the actors, that allowed the company to sign contracts with many famous artists of that time.  In addition, it helped to create the so-called star system a system of stars.   Thus, in 1910, Lemley is actively promoted Florence Lawrence, until the well-known as Biograph Girl, what can be considered the first ever case of name actor in the marketing companys film studio.   In 1915, Lemley has opened the worlds largest film studios Universal City Studios , that had an area of 0.9 km ² on the Cahuenga Pass near Hollywood.  Management Studio was a third area of activity of the company. In 1926, Universal opened a studio in Germany Deutsche Univarsal-Film AG, which was headed by Joe Pasternak.  Until 1936, the unit produced 3-4 films a year, but under pressure of the growing influence of Hitler in Europe, it had to migrate first to Austria and then to Hungary.  With the advent of sound in cinema, this studio was to make films in German, Hungarian and Polish languages.  Universal did not not showed these films in the U.S., but they still fall into the American Rental efforts of independent distributors.   Then the studio made such famous films as: Show Boat (1929) , a rich musical Broadway with the first color scenes, The King of Jazz (1930) and On the Western Front, which brought the studio an Oscar  for the best film of 1930.  Also was made a series of films about monsters Universal Horror films this is Frankenstein, Dracula and The Mummy. (Scott, 2005) By the beginning of the Second World studio retured to its recent specialization: Romance, cheap western and classic horror sequel to the studio.   In 1950, the companys agent, Lew Wasserman, MCA and Universal Studios produced a veritable revolution in the American movie business: Wasserman signed the contract with the studio, under which his client the great James Stewart receives no fee, and the portion of the profits from the rental of 3 films with his participation,  which were supposed to withdraw to Universal.  When one of those films Winchester 73 became a mega hit rolled, Stewart became the first truly rich American actor.  Soon this form of payment for the actors work was firmly established in the practice of American and international film business.   In the late 50-ies of XX century studio, and the whole movie business in general, was undergoing yet another difficult period associated with the development of television.  The company MCA, which was the actors agency, became a powerful television producer, and in 1958 for $ 11 million acquired Universal Pictures with its studio area of 1.5 km2.  Although formally Universal remained independent producer, the effect of MCA on the nature of film removed at the studio was very significant.  However, MCA not only significantly upgraded the capacity of the studio, but signed for Universal contracts with such prominent actors like Doris Day, Lana Turner and Cary Grant. In the 70 years of the last century, despite the fact that the studios made such hits as Airport, The Sting, American Graffiti, Jaws, ET, Back to the Future and Jurassic Park  period, the main magic wand for the studio were films made for television.  In the early 70s Universal combined its efforts on the world distribution of his films with Paramount Pictures, but in 1981 they have been joined by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer: so there appeared a company United International Pictures, which since 1997 also distributed films of Dreamworks.  (Scott, 2005) In the 90 years Universal had repeatedly changed owners, that led to the creation of one of the largest U.S. and global media conglomerates NBC Universal. Warner Brothers The American company, which is one of the largest producers of film and television entertainment. Warner Bros.  includes several subsidiary companies, including Warner Bros.  Studios, Warner Bros.  Pictures, Warner Bros.  Television, Warner Bros.  Animation, Warner Home Video, DC Comics and The CW Television Network. The company is named in honor of the four Warner brothers who founded in 1904 the Duquesne Amusement Supply Company (the precursor to Warner Bros.), which distribute films.  For several years, the territory in which they worked for the company, expanded to include a four-state area.   By the beginning of the First World War the brothers began producing films, and in 1918 opened a studio Warner Bros.  Studio, situated on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood.  Sam and Jack Warner produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert were engaged in finance in New York.  In 1923 they formally merged into a corporation Warner Bros.  Pictures, Inc.   The company prospered, allowing the brothers in 1924 to get a loan on Wall Street.  This money was acquired by Vitagraph Company, which had a nationwide distribution network, and bought several radio stations and built new theaters. In the 1920s company began to actively develop the film with sound and in 1926 began producing films with sound and sound effects.  In 1927 it released the film The Jazz Singer with dialogue, and the film became a sensation, and inaugurated an era of talking pictures.   In 1928 the company acquired one of the largest networks of cinemas Stanley Company. Later, in 1929, the brothers acquired its main rival First National Pictures.  The court allowed the two companies merge under the name Warner, provided that prior to 1938 the brothers will be releasing several films a year under the name First National Pictures.   In 1928 the brothers released in theaters now Lights of New York (born Lights of New York) with a full sound track.  Since then, the entire film industry finally turned to movies with sound: by the end of 1929 all the major studios released only sound films.   In 1929 Warner Bros.  released their first full-color film  «On with the Show ».  The second color film Gold Diggers of Broadway, that had become so popular that was shown in cinemas for over ten years- thus began the era of color film.   In the period from 1929 to 1931, Warner released a set of color films (Sally, Bright Lights, Song of the flame, Song of the West, Under the moon of Texas and others).  Most of them were musicals, and audience quickly got tired of them, so the studio had to withdraw from this genre.   Under the guidance of Darryl Zanuck in the 1930 studio famed for its gangster movie, and then to melodrama.  Around 1934 the company has problems with the censors, so it switched to making of historical films. In 1930 it established an independent company Warners cartoon, under the direction of Leon Schlesinger cartoon creation.  In 1931, it established a new series of cartoons Looney Tunes humorous sketches with a jazz soundtrack.  In 1933, new artists came to the studio (Jack King, Freeze Freeling et al), who produced the famous Buddy (born Buddy).  Studio has acquired a recognizable style that made its work extremely popular.   Among them were rabbit Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck. During the Second World War studio became very rich thanks to increased demand for movies. In these years the company opened a lot of actors who were celebrities: Joan Crawford, Doris Day, etc.  (Scott, 2005) In January 5, 1948 Warner Bros.  released the first color newsreel, the Night of Roses Parade, that was a significant contribution to the development of the cinema.   In 1948 the Supreme Court of the United States, considering the antitrust disputes, issued a decision that made Warner Bros.  and four other major film companies of the country separate from the film industry of their networks cinemas.  Without the possibility of wide translating, there was no longer need to produce 30 films a year, so the brothers began to turn their production and ultimately sold the company to bank syndicate. For some time the company was engaged in adaptation of the popular plays, as well as a very good showing in creating a television series (individualist and others).  In 1958 began its work the record company Warner Bros.  Records, but

Emily Brontës Wuthering Heights :: essays research papers

The Substantial Choices that Altered Many Destinations The Earnshaw's and the Linton's both made many substantial choices that arbitrated their egotistic and non-egotistic destinations. Throughout the course of Emily Bronte's novel, Wuthering Heights, one may have noted Hareton and Catherine’s ability to overcome their differences, unlike their parents. Bronte shows the differences between her two main couples through their upbringing, characteristics, and their abilities. The elder Earnshaw and Linton's childhoods are different than the childhoods of their children. The Earnshaws upbringing was done at Wuthering Heights by their father. Wuthering Heights was a dark, stormy place, filled with anger and rejection. Mr. Earnshaw spoils Healthciff and is distraught if anyone shunned him, even if it were his own children. Hindley is the best example; Mr. Earnshaw shipped him away to college so that he could give all of his attention to Healthcliff and Catherine. Although Mr. Earnshaw died Hindley came back and forbid Healthcliff to study. Which automatically degraded Healthcliff to a mere servant on the heights. Through this quote told by Nelly, " He drove him from their company to the servants, deprived him of the instructions of the curate, and insisted that he should labor outdoors instead."(38) Hindley pretty much gets total revenge on his father through punishing Healthcliff. Catherine spent five weeks with the Lintons at Thrushcross Grange, a happier home with loving parents and close family bonds. Its inhabitants, Edgar and Isabella, were brought up like royalty, so when Catherine arrived she was spoiled as well, "Isabella emptied a plateful of cakes into her lap and.. They dried and combed her beautiful hair, and gave her a pair of enormous slippers, and wheeled her to the fire."(42) This clearly made Catherine more aware of her social status and who she wanted to be. It also opened her eyes to the truth about her true love Healthcliff. If she were to marry a rich man she could save him from her brother Hindley and learn to love Edgar. As she clearly told Nelly from her selfishness in Chapter nine â€Å" Edgar must shake off his antipathy, and tolerate him... I can aid Healthcliff to rise, and place him out of my brother's power" This was normal for the time period, however, left Edgar whom truly loved Catherine with the no one to care for him. Edgar was a true man whose only bad trait was, loving Catherine. The children of these characters show stronger will power and the ability to overcome differences.

The Operation of Electric Motors :: essays research papers

I have written this science research paper to help people understand more about the electric motors and their operation. The electric motor transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy, which in turn makes motion possible. To better understand electric motors, one should first understand the basics of electric motors operation, electromagnetics. One can create an electromagnet by running an electric current through a wire which in turn will create a magnetic field. An electromagnet may only be a temporary magnet but it has the same magnetic properties as a permanent magnet. Any magnet creates a magnetic field and this magnetic field will contain two ends or polls, one North and one South. The fundamental law of magnets states that ?Opposites attract and likes repel? and the same holds true with an electromagnet. A simple electromagnet can be created by the use of a power source and a piece of wire as shown in Figure 1. The magnetic field created will be stronger then the magnetic field of the earth, effecting the compass and will cause the needle to move in the direction of this newly created magnetic field. As current flows through the wire, a magnetic field is created around the wire. Figure 2 shows the circular shape of the magnetic field around the wire as if you were able to look down the end of the wire. The magnetic field itself is invisible, but the magnetic field strength can be measured through the use of special equipment. The magnetic field weakens the further you move away from the wire and will always be perpendicular to the wire and the fields direction depends on the which direction the current if flowing. Since the magnetic field is always circular and perpendicular to the wire, the magnetic field can be increased simply by creating a coil of wire. Figure 3 shows an example of a simple electromagnet by coiling a wire around a nail and connecting it to a power source. The magnetic field is amplified by each loop of wire around the nail. An electric motor depends upon magnetism to function, to be more specific, electromagnetism. By continuously changing the direction of the electromagnetic field in a motor, we take advantage of the basic magnet principle that ?Opposites attract and likes repel?. This allows an electric motor to rotate.

Looking at “The Withered Arm” by Thomas Hardy Essay

Looking at â€Å"The Withered Arm† and at least two other short stories, comment on how Thomas Hardy uses the female characters to influence the reader’s response To prepare for this essay I have read a selection of Thomas Hardy’s short stories: â€Å"The Withered Arm†, â€Å"The Melancholy Hussar of the German Legion†, â€Å"The Distracted Preacher†, â€Å"Tony Kytes, the Arch Deceiver† and â€Å"Absent-mindedness in a Parish Choir†. The first three stories have been studied more closely than the latter two, and will be used to answer the essay title. Given that a reader’s response may be influenced by many factors, such as time of reading, gender, and personal values it is still clear how Hardy expects his readers to respond. Hardy has moulded the language in many ways, resulting in an intricately woven and complex idea of each character in the reader’s mind. There are certain similarities in each story. Hardy seems to use clever twists of coincidences which are not the fault of the unfortunate character/s involved. Tragedy and death also tend to characterise his stories, for example, Matthà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½us and Christoph are shot and Rhoda Brook’s son is hanged. The reputation of women plays a big part in all three of the short stories. â€Å"The Withered Arm† differs from the other two stories as it has two main women characters, who are naturally compared, in a subtle but effective manner. Rhoda Brook is first introduced into the story through another characters speech, as â€Å"she† and later in the sentence is described as a â€Å"thin worn milkmaid†. This gives the reader a clear picture of Rhoda before she even enters the story: she is shown as little more than a solitary victim of other people’s gossip. Hardy then presents Rhoda in her home, which is in the lonely and rural countryside. The house is made of mud-walls and is rather rundown and ramshackle: â€Å"in the thatch above a rafter showed like a bone protruding through the skin†. The house and Rhoda seem similar as their looks are both past their best. Rhoda is often presented in the context of a serious and lonely landscape: â€Å"thick clouds made the atmosphere dark†. Rhoda is never a happy character and Hardy shows this well, through descriptions of gloomy landscapes. Rhoda has broken social convention by having a son out of marriage and it seems as if she is being punished for this as the story unravels. Rhoda struggles to look after her son alone, and lives in near poverty. Rhoda does not seem particularly disturbed by her situation but it has cut her off from the rest of the small farming community. Hardy has cleverly associated Rhoda with sadness and superstition. Whenever Rhoda is being mentioned in the story the atmosphere is anxious, sad or tense, for example: â€Å"Brook felt like a guilty thing†. Initially, Hardy places Gertrude on the bright forefront, emphasizing her outgoing, carefree personality, while Rhoda is left as a figure in the background. Rhoda’s speech is limited but even when she does speak it is normally about Gertrude. Hardy uses Rhoda to show the harshness of social convention on women. Rhoda is eventually so excluded from her community that she moves away. Rhoda is threatened by her reputation as she does not want Gertrude to find out about her being the possible cause of the damaged arm. Overall, Rhoda’s situation provokes a sympathetic response from the reader. Gertrude is initially introduced into the story with the landscape in her favour: â€Å"the low sun was full in her face, rendering every feature, shade, and contour distinct†. She is shown as generous, caring, (helping those less fortunate than herself) gentle and innocent; emotionally and sexually. Her speech and behaviour are described with gentle language: â€Å"innocent young thing†. Gertrude changes considerably over time, and is slowly transformed into the spectre of Rhoda’s dream. Hardy prepares the reader by starting to taint Gertrude with Rhoda’s main associations, and gradually Gertrude becomes a darker and more sinister figure. This is shown clearly when Gertrude’s subconscious mind is praying: â€Å"O Lord, hang some innocent or guilty person soon†. She is described as â€Å"cunning†, â€Å"shrivelled† and â€Å"furtive†. Hardy shows what a monster an innocent young woman can become while trying to cope with the harsh world of the 1800’s when her marriage and reputation is all she has. Gertrude failed her marriage in two ways, firstly she did not have children, and secondly, Farmer Lodge no longer found her attractive because of her withered arm (and this was the main motive for her wanting to cure it). Hardy showed that without a respectable marriage and children, many women felt that their lives were inadequate. Social convention and reputation ruled many women’s lives. This makes the reader feel sympathetic towards women living in that time, and highlights the amount of freedom women have today. â€Å"The Melancholy Hussar†, contains one main female character, Phyllis Grove, who is presented as a figure of the past. Throughout the story Phyllis is rarely described physically; she is an invisible character. Hardy describes Phyllis’ feelings extensively through direct authorial comment, as she says very little. Phyllis is also closely connected with the landscape, and is part of its timelessness. At the beginning of the story, Phyllis’ seclusion is shown through this: â€Å"secluded old manor houses and hamlets lie in the ravines†. In addition, the landscape at this stage in the story is very bleak, symbolising the bleakness of Phyllis’ lifestyle. Phyllis spends most of the story outside, and words describing her are most energetic outside: â€Å"climbs†, â€Å"walks† and â€Å"clambers†. When Phyllis becomes dislocated from what makes her happiest, she becomes dislocated from her landscape; Phyllis was indoors for weeks after she saw Matthà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½us and Christoph being shot. To highlight Phyllis’ shyness, she uses the fog and mist to hide her away and protect her. Hardy uses Phyllis to show women’s isolation, which can be due to men; Phyllis’ father is unsympathetic towards her situation and Phyllis’ only hope of having a better life would be through marriage. Phyllis’ life seems to be mapped out before the story unravels because she is connected with men right at the beginning of the story, in this case her father. Phyllis’ only escape from her desperate isolation seems to be to marry, suitable Humphrey Gould, and their engagement is used by Hardy to convey the fact that marriages were seen as respectable and even an accomplishment. Hardy uses the York Hussars as a contrast to â€Å"suitable† and â€Å"ordinary† Humphrey; the Hussars are shown with excitement and passion â€Å"crowds of admirers† and â€Å"foreign air†. Hardy then uses contrast once again regarding Matthà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½us Tina; this man is different and catches Phyllis’ attention. When Phyllis is with Matthà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½us she is especially alive, as her speech is direct and not shown through reported speech or authorial comment. Also, this seems to be the only time she can actually be heard. In addition, she is described using the most animated language when she is with Matthà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½us: â€Å"flushed†, â€Å"agitation†, and â€Å"shaked†. The reader wants Phyllis and Matthà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½us’ relationship to survive, as Phyllis is obviously so happy with him. This is what makes the ending so tragic. The stone wall is the place of Matthà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½us and Phyllis’ meetings, and it symbolises an important boundary between them. This figurative language used by Hardy is not only showing the physical but also the moral boundary (Phyllis’ engagement) between the two lovers. Phyllis has a quiet independence, which Hardy shows through her willingness to elope with Matthà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½us; she is prepared to defy social convention. Hardy shows Phyllis as a victim of circumstance and coincidence, because when she hears that Humphrey has bought her a present, the only thing that holds her back from eloping is her conscience and honesty. Here Hardy indicates that one small, seemingly insignificant moment can change one’s life forever. This can make the reader feel quite insecure and that the world is unjust; Phyllis suffered for the rest of her life simply because she was a good person. Irony is used when Phyllis is buried near Christoph and Matthà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½us, near the wall where Matthà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½us and her met. The most well known marriage vow contains â€Å"until death do us part†, though ironically they failed to be together in life, and death brought them together. It is also ironic because marriage was meant to be Phyllis’ escape from her secluded life but in fact it was marriage that prevented her freedom. Hardy’s harsh world also extends to men: for example in â€Å"The Withered Arm† when Rhoda Brooks’ son is hanged. In fact, Matthà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½us and Christoph were subtly shown as heroes because they took the blame for the other two people found in the boat and as a result were shot. The final story â€Å"The Distracted Preacher† contains one main female character, Lizzy Newberry. Lizzy completely strays from the social conventions of the time. Lizzy, like Rhoda, is introduced to the reader through someone else’s speech, but in a completely different manner: â€Å"she won’t have† is used when Mr Stockdale is being informed about her, telling you immediately that she is confident and assertive. Lizzy’s personality is also shown through her leading Mr Stockdale to various destinations and giving him instructions. Hardy makes it clear that Mr Stockdale cannot take her for granted as he is always the one waiting for her and how he looks forward to seeing her: Mr Stockdale â€Å"longed for the morrow†. He cannot control her life as she is so independent and unpredictable. The environment surrounding Lizzy is â€Å"snug and cheerful†, unlike the rural countryside of Rhoda’s and Phyllis’. Other environments associated with Lizzy are smugglers caves such as â€Å"Daggers Grave†; these show her life as exciting and exhilarating. Hardy makes Lizzy the first to speak between her and Mr Stockdale; she is confident as she is the one that approaches him. Lizzy being a widow puts her in a good position as she can be sexually experienced yet single, without it being a scandal. Hardy uses very sophisticated language to describe Lizzy, this shows her subtle superiority and sophistication. He also uses animated language such as â€Å"ascended the hill† and â€Å"tripped at a quickening pace† to show her freedom. Hardy shows Mr Stockdale as rather naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve, by him automatically assuming that a conversation is about love or marriage, when Lizzy is talking to the miller. Also, it takes him a long time to understand what Lizzy does to make money, even after so many clues: Lizzy’s irregular sleeping patterns, her absence from her bedroom at night and him discovering a man’s freshly washed clothes in his room. Lizzy dresses like a man when going smuggling, symbolising her masculinity. In fact, Lizzy is like the man of the house; she makes all the choices and makes money. At one point, Lizzy handles money and this is very symbolic of her freedom. In the other two stories men are hurt physically and in this story Hardy uses this to show Lizzy as masculine; she was shot in the hand. In â€Å"The Withered Arm† Rhoda is jealous of Gertrude for being with Farmer Lodge, and in â€Å"The Melancholy Hussar† Phyllis stays inside for four weeks because she is so upset about Matthà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½us. In this story, however, Mr Stockdale gets upset about Lizzy. For a few days he becomes â€Å"sad† and â€Å"restrained† when he starts to suspect that there might be another man in Lizzy’s life. Also, there is a lack of choices for Mr Stockdale regarding his job â€Å"brought with a single eye to ministry†; in the previous stories the women tend to lack choices. Social convention expected women to centre their lives around men but Lizzy was not prepared to give up her life for a man. Lizzy even suggests that Mr Stockdale gives up his ministry to marry her. I think Hardy implies that money plays a big part in independence, because in the previous short stories women were restrained because of their lack of money, and in this story Lizzy is economically independent and has freedom. â€Å"Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar’s† â€Å"†He’s dead,† she pouted.† This quote shows Lizzy’s rebelliousness but ironically, she ends up writing a book called â€Å"Render unto Caesar†. Lizzy’s marriage and apology to Mr Stockdale show that she eventually conformed to social convention. In the author’s note Hardy says he would have preferred Lizzy to marry Jim the smuggler, and emigrate to America, and that the other ending was only written because of the expectations of the time of publishing. So, even Hardy had to conform to the conventions of the day. The latter ending is more modern and clearly shows the influence of time on Hardy and his admiration of Lizzy. Throughout these short stories Hardy has shown a wide range of characters and has used different women in varying ways to achieve different purposes. Hardy is shown to have a good understanding of the women in that time through these stories. Even though all three of the short stories were written in the third person, Hardy has used language ingeniously. He has evoked many responses from the reader, but predominantly it is one of sympathy for the women.