Saturday, February 15, 2020

Utilizing Assessment Rubrics to Evaluate Learning Assignment

Utilizing Assessment Rubrics to Evaluate Learning - Assignment Example Using a rubric, students develop a clear sense of what is required of them on a given assignment. A rubric outlines details such as the length of the assignment, the content, which is important in directing students on what would be relevant or irrelevant if covered (Helvoort 2010, p.27). The rubric is also gives instructions on the referencing requirements. Perhaps the most important use of the rubric is its use as an instrument that defines the standards in every assignment (Hauser and Bowen, 2009). This is such that, by going through the rubric, the student is made aware of what they need to do to garner scores within the highest score brackets. The rubric outlines the way one has to arrange their thoughts in order come up with a paper that attracts good grades, the proper way to reference their work and the grammatical demands (Hauser and Bowen, 2009). In this, tutors are able to aid their students to grasp the standards of the profession (Oakleaf, 2008 p.245) in a concise manner. In addition, students can understand their grades by going through the rubric to discover costly omissions and commissions that marred their ability to score the grades they were aiming for. An effective rubric applies the use of the following three domains. The first, the affective domain, addresses the intersect between the values and beliefs of patients and nurses, and how these apply to the treatment regimen. Secondly is the cognitive domain, addressing the extent of knowledge of nurses. This domain has to do with analysis and application of what is known to the nurse. Finally is the psychomotor domain, addressing the technical skills at the nurse’s disposal (Cecilia, 2013). These domains have to be incorporated into the rubric as demonstrated. A good rubric, according to Oakleaf (2008, p.254) is in synchrony with the learning objectives of the course. This tests the retention and application abilities of the students, that is the cognitive skills of learners. In

Sunday, February 2, 2020

Research proposal What is the effectiveness of adopting Surgical Time

What is the effectiveness of adopting Surgical Time Out policy in improving patient safety in the Operating Room '' - Research Proposal Example UP-14). In general, a surgical time-out policy is all about identifying the right patient, the right site where surgical procedure will be performed, observing the right body positioning, signing the consent form which strongly suggest that the patient has agreed to receive the said surgical procedure, and to ensure that special arrangements are made to get hold of a particular equipment needed to perform the surgery (Fry, 2008, p. UP-14). Often times, it is the registered nurse who is in-charge and is accountable for performing the surgical count of surgical items like cotton swabs, sponges, gauze, needles, blades, and scalpels among others (Hamlin, Richardson-Tench and Davies, 2009, p. 88). Miscommunication can happen among a group of healthcare professionals who are working within the operating room (Halverson et al., 2011). In line with this, several studies acknowledges that the process of using a â€Å"surgical safety checklist† as suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) is effective in terms of preventing the risks of mortality caused by human errors (Kasatpibal et al., 2012; van Klei et al., 2012; Conley et al., 2011). However, despite the process of continuously educating the healthcare professionals on how to accurately perform surgical time-out process, there are still some cases wherein the surgical team may fail to comply with the surgical time-out procedures (Gillespie et al., 2010). It is part of the duty and responsibility of healthcare professionals to continuously improve patient safety within the operating room. In line with this, the surgical team is normally composed of surgeons, anaesthesiologists, and registered nurses. For this reason, the proposed research study aims to determine how well the surgical team in Hong Kong are able to adopt with the local hospitals’ surgical time-out policy. Specifically the main research objective is to test the

Saturday, January 25, 2020

Stages of Developing a Psychiatric Treatment Care Plan

Stages of Developing a Psychiatric Treatment Care Plan A patient had been admitted to an A E unit after committing ‘deliberate self-harm’. He had attempted to commit suicide by overdosing on some headache tablets. When that hadn’t worked he slashed himself in several places using a kitchen knife. He arrived at the A E unit in an extremely distressed state. Why the psychologist was called in Although the patient clearly had very severe physical injuries a comprehensive psychosocial assessment revealed he was suffering from severe psychological problems. His symptoms seemed to suggest clinical depression that was so deep-rooted and severe it necessitated intensive and sustained psychotherapy. Thus, it was decided to immediately refer him to a clinical psychologist. This is consistent with professional guidelines, which recommend that self-harm patients are referred for psychological intervention if an initial psychosocial assessment reveals an underlying psychological problem (NICE, 2004, p.32). A clinical psychologist is formally trained to deal with various forms of psychopathology, including clinical depression, based on psychological theories and research (Davey, 2004, pp.713-714). In addition to carrying out in-depth psychological evaluations, to identify underlying psychopathology (using a wide variety of personality and neuropsychological tests, and clinical observ ation), the psychologist is trained to make a formal diagnosis, using set criteria. Clinical psychologists and psychiatrists have very similar training. However a clinical psychologist rather than psychiatrist was called in to deal with this case because the latter are primarily medical doctors, and hence typically use the ‘medical model’ for dealing with psychological disorders. Psychosocial assessment suggested that this patient primarily required intensive psychotherapy rather than medication. Theoretical concepts The clinical psychologist relied upon Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory in formulating a treatment plan (McMillan, 2001, pp.599-600). Freud’s conceptualisations have had a massive impact on popular culture, and psychology and psychiatry in particular. Psychoanalytic theory posits that unconscious conflict, often emanating from childhood, and involving forbidden sexual and aggressive desires causes psychopathology. A distinction is made between the conscious (awareness), preconscious (memories that are readily accessible), and unconscious (repressed memories of which a person may not even be aware). Superimposed against these levels of consciousness are three components of human personality: the id (basic biological drives), the ego (restrictions imposed by external reality), and superego (conscience). The id operates at the subconscious level, while the ego and superego function at the preconscious and conscious levels. Perpetual and intense conflicts between the id and the other two components can generate considerable anxiety and, if unresolved, mental health problems. Psychoanalysis places considerable emphasis on the sex drive, or ‘libido’. Humans are thought to progress through several stages of psychosexual development. Fixation at any one stage results in various emotional problems. What the psychologist did During the initial session with the patient the clinical psychologist immediately set up a good rapport with the patient. The priority was to assess the patients’ problem, and develop a comprehensive treatment plan with clear goals for recovery. After an initial session the patient underwent numerous sessions involving free association, a therapeutic form of psychoanalysis (McMillan, 2001, pp.167-168). During this procedure, the psychologist encouraged the patient to verbalise whatever came to mind. Free association is considered to yield clues about the subconscious roots of a patients’ problem. The patient spoke a lot about his childhood. From time to time the therapist probed with searching questions encouraging the patient to elaborate on particular statements made. During each session the psychotherapist maintained an empathic and non-judgemental demeanour, in order to facilitate a high degree of trust between himself and the patient. The patient attended weekly se ssions over a six-month period. During the final month of therapy the clinician engaged in dream analysis, whereby the patient was asked to describe recent dreams in as much detail and with as much accuracy as possible. How the psychologists’ input was assessed By the end of therapy it had gradually become clear that the patient had been experiencing intense homosexual desires ever since puberty. These urges had been repressed for years, in order to conform to social norms and his parents’ wishes for him to get married and have children. The patient wasn’t conscious of these forbidden desires. The realisation made him feel much better, going a long way to explain why he had been feeling pathologically depressed, even suicidal. The impact of psychoanalytic therapy on this patient was assessed using a pre- and post-test experimental analysis (Coolican, 1994, pp.82-88). During his initial assessment of the patient the psychologist obtained baseline measures of psychiatric symptoms using the SCL-90-R (Derogatis, 1983), social functioning using the Social Adjustment Scale (Weissman, 1975), general adjustment in life, using the Global Assessment Scale (Endicott et al, 1976), and episodes of self-harm, using the Suicide and Self-Harm Inventory (Sansone et al, 1998) during the previous six months. At the end of therapy the therapist administered the same battery of tests to gauge any improvements in the patients’ mental health. Statistical analysis comparing pre- and post-test data, using a t-tested for repeated measures (Coolican, 1994, pp.281-286) showed significant improvements on all criteria: psychiatric functioning, and social/global adjustment, and frequency of self-harm. Bibliography Coolican, H. (1994) Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology, London, Hodder Davey, G. (ed) (2004) Complete Psychology . London: Hodder and Stoughton Derogatis, L.R. (1983) SCL-90-R: Administration, Scoring, and Procedures Manual,  II. Towson, Md, Clinical Psychometric Research. Endicott, J., Spitzer, R.L., Fleiss, J.L. Cohen, J. (1976) The Global Assessment  Scale: a procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance.  Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, pp.766–771. NICE (2004) Self-Harm: The Short-Term Physical and Psychological Management  and Secondary Prevention of Self-Harm in Primary and Secondary Care:  Clinical Guideline 16. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence. McMillan, M. (2001) The reliability and validity of Freud’s methods of free  association and interpretation. Psychological Inquiry, 3, pp. 167-175. Sansone, R.A., Wiederman, M.W. Sansone, L.A. (1998) The Self-Harm Inventory  (SHI): development of a scale for identifying self-destructive behaviors and  borderline personality disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, pp.973-983. Weissman, M.M. (1975) The assessment of social adjustment. Archives of General  Psychiatry, 32, pp.357–365.

Friday, January 17, 2020

No Link Between Autism and Vaccination

According to the World Health Organization and the American Psychological Association, autism is a developmental disability, manifesting itself before the age of three, and resulting from a disorder of the central nervous system.   The developmental disability is diagnosed with the use of specific criteria for impairments in the areas of communication, basic social interaction, the interests of affected individuals, and their imagination as well as activities.   Autistic children are known to be slow at basic processes like language acquisition that healthy children are known to learn quickly (â€Å"Autism†). The causes of autism are controversial, which is why it is possible for people to formulate a host of theories on the causes of this developmental disability (â€Å"Autism†).   A British study published in February 1998 was misinterpreted by countless people who believed that the data provided proof that the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine was responsible for autism in children.   The study was conducted by a team of thirteen scientists with Dr. Andrew Wakefield of Oxford University as the team leader. After it was discovered that parents had begun to fear the MMR vaccine because a debate had been waged with regards to the data presented in their study, ten of the thirteen authors of the study report made the following statement which was published on the BBC website: â€Å"We wish to make it clear that in this paper no causal link was established between MMR vaccine and autism, as the data were insufficient† (Jackson). The demand for vaccination fell in the United Kingdom after the data in the above mentioned study had been misunderstood, and the misinterpreted information had been publicized.   This meant that children could no longer be protected from measles, mumps, and rubella.   In point of  fact, it was found that a significant number of families had entirely given up on the idea of vaccination for their children. Some parents had opted for single vaccines rather than the MMR at the time, but health organizations and the UK government warned that even single vaccines put children at risk (Burke).   What is more, even some doctors in the United States had begun to believe that the MMR vaccination was responsible for autism.   Globalization had spread the rumor overseas.   According to Dr. Mary Megson from Virginia, The segment of children with â€Å"regressive autism,† the form where children develop normally for a period of time then lose skills and sink into autism, most commonly at 18-24 months of age, is increasing at a phenomenal rate.   I am seeing several children in the same family affected, including in the last week four cases of â€Å"autistic regression† developing in four-year-old children after their MMR and DPT vaccination.   In the past, this was unheard of. The doctor from Virginia advised that the implementation of safe vaccine policies should become a first priority, seeing that vaccination cannot be kept away from children (Megson).   The doctor had believed that there was definitely a link between autism and vaccination.   As a matter of fact, many doctors believed what Dr. Megson had believed.   This is because the link between MMR vaccination and autism was that of â€Å"coincidental-timing.†Ã‚   In other words, the symptoms of autism began to occur around the same time as the vaccination. Hence, parents began to falsely believe that the vaccine was indeed responsible for autism.   Dr. Ken Haller, who works as a primary care pediatrician with the Cardinal Glennon Children’s Hospital explained  the false belief thus: â€Å"When something terrible happens to a child, everyone wants a reason for it†¦Ã‚   As a physician, it's very difficult for me, when I see a kid who's diagnosed with autism or a seizure disorder, to say we have no idea why this happened.   But people want to grasp onto something; that's human nature. (Jackson)† The â€Å"insufficient† data in the study conducted by Dr. Wakefield and his colleagues could not find a link between autism and vaccination.   So, two different groups of investigators in the United States attempted to find out whether there was truly a link between autism and vaccination.   Dr. James A. Kaye and his colleagues at the Boston University used the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database to find out whether 254 boys suffering from autism in their study were actually suffering because of MMR vaccination. Dr. Loring Dales and her colleagues at the California Department of Health Services in Berkeley performed a similar study during the same time.   Both of these studies eventually showed that there is no link whatsoever between autism and vaccination.   The results of both of these studies actually showed that while the use of vaccination remained constant over time, the cases of autism increased dramatically among children without vaccination being responsible for the increase (Kubetin). Although it had already been clearly proven that there is definitely no link between autism and vaccination, the developed world where the debate on autism and vaccination had been waged was seeking a truly comprehensive study to show whether there really is a link between autism and vaccination, or not.   K. Madsen, A. Hvii, and M. Vestergaard report on exactly the kind of study that was being sought and finally conducted on Danish children: This is the most direct evaluation of whether MMR causes autism published to date. Though all epidemiological studies conducted in recent years have found no association between the MMR vaccine and onset of autism, design limitations have left some doubt about this issue.   This historical cohort included all Danish children born between 1991 and 1998 when prevalence rates for autism and autistic spectrum disorders were increasing.   Because of the thoroughness of the Danish system of registration, ascertainment of vaccination status and health problems was remarkably accurate and complete.   Since the cohort was composed of the entire population, both vaccinated and unvaccinated children had the same risk of autism prior to exposure to the vaccine.   Nearly all children were accounted for at the end of the study period.   Specialists using the same diagnostic classification system made the diagnosis of autism in a uniform manner. No doubt, this was the comprehensive study with ‘sufficient data’ that parents were seeking the results of.   The design of the study was virtually immaculate.   Most importantly, the study showed once again that there was no difference in the risk of autism in the children that were vaccinated verses those that were not vaccinated.   Moreover, the cases considered as part of the study were not clustered at any point after the immunization.   Madsen et al. report that the registry data that was used did not contain information on children that were suffering from developmental regression.   Hence, the issue that there might be children who show vulnerability to vaccination, could not be ruled out.   If there is a group of such children, the risk for vaccinated  children would be greater than 1.   However, the opposite turned out to be true – that is, there is definitely no risk of autism in children especially because of vaccination. Because the size of the sample of children studied was extraordinarily large, and there was no evidence to show that there is a link between autism and vaccination, Madsen et al. concluded that parents should fearlessly continue to vaccinate their children in order to avoid future outbreaks of disease.   Given that parents had previously only trusted false interpretations of the British study that had seemed to show a link between autism and vaccination, it is now time to give up the false belief entirely.   Science is based on real facts, which is why we all trust scientific information. We have been shown through several studies that there is certainly no link between autism and vaccination.   There have been more studies of the same kind with the same results that we have not discussed.   Future studies may similarly show that there is no link between autism and vaccination.   Even so, parents cannot keep their children from immunization waiting for future studies of the same kind, churning out the same results.   The future of children is at stake without vaccination.   The scientific evidence that has been found thus far is sufficient. Works Cited â€Å"Autism.† (2007). Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism. (4 April 2007). Burke, Maria. â€Å"Every parent's choice? Autism and vaccination — the jury's out.† Chemistry and Industry (2002, February 18). Jackson, Harry Jr. â€Å"Debate on autism and vaccination started after British medical study.† St. Louis Post-Dispatch (2004, May 28). Kubetin, Sally Koch. â€Å"MMR Vaccination Not Tied to Rise in Autism Rate.† Clinical Psychiatry News (2001, July 1). Madson, K., A. Hvii, and M. Vestergaard. â€Å"There is little evidence that combined vaccination against measles, mumps, and rubella is associated with autism.† Evidence-Based Mental Health (2003, May 1). Megson, Mary. â€Å"Autism and Vaccinations.† The Weston A. Price Foundation (2004, March 16). Retrieved from http://www.westonaprice.org/children/index.html. (3 April 2007).         

Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Essay on Financial Accounting Theory and Analysis” Text...

Financial Accounting Theory and Analysis† Text and Cases Case 1-2 Accounting Ethics a. What, if any, ethical issue is involved in this case? Legally the financial vice president is not obligated to move to the new standard; however, I do see an ethical issue with this decision. The ethical decision lies in the fact that the vice president is knowingly presenting financial statements that do not reflect the true condition of the company. This is a great example of the line between ethics and law. Technically, if one is not breaking a law, then one is not creating fraud; however, this does not imply that the actions are not controversial, particularly if they impact employees’ well beings. As CPA and auditors, it is not our job†¦show more content†¦Hoger may not see the immediate impact in her career for her actions, but the world of accounting is an industry where good praise will spread quickly and go far. Her unconventional forwardness and emphasis on credibility and dependability is seen by the vice president and all involved. She is a true professional. If the vice president’s final decis ion is followed through, then hopefully she’ll be permitted to make a note in the financial statements or speak to her point when the deceitfulness of the statements is brought to the surface. I also like to think that she’ll sleep better at night. d. Who might be affected by the decision against early implementation? Those currently invested in the company, potential investors, lenders, and other creditors will be impacted. Information that is decision-useful to capital investors is also used by managers and executives to make important, impactful determinations about business operations. Ironically, by pretending the problem is not present, the vice president is creating a huge revenue-impacting nightmare for his company and setting-up for his own downfall. He is presenting phony information that will cause poor business decisions to be made by managers and executives of the company. The (unknown to be poor at the time) poor decisions can snowball into excess expenses, horrendous operational and production process changes, and lay-offs. This will all fall on the viceShow MoreRelatedCct 300B. Intermediate Accounting . Course Information1686 Words   |  7 PagesCCT 300B INTERMEDIATE ACCOUNTING Course Information and Policies Spring 2017 Instructor: Hyeesoo (Sally) Chung, Ph.D. Office: CBA-411 Phone: (562) 985-5908 Email: hyeesoo.chung@csulb.edu Office Hours: TTH,12pm – 1:30pm; or by appointment. 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Monday, December 23, 2019

Othellos Diverse Themes Essay - 1947 Words

Othello’s Diverse Themes Othello is one of William Shakespeare’s tragedies which thrives on a group of themes. Let’s see if we can sort them out and determine the dominant ones from the lesser ones. The pain which the audience experiences is no accident, but rather one of the themes written into the play. Critic Caroline Spurgeon in â€Å"Shakespeare’s Imagery and What it Tells Us† explains the significant contribution which imagery makes to the theme of pain and unpleasantness running through the play: The main image in Othello is that of animals in action, preying upon one another, mischievous, lascivious, cruel or suffering, and through these, the general sense of pain and unpleasantness is much increased†¦show more content†¦Nor is this all. Such jealousy as Othello’s converts human nature into chaos, and liberates the beast in man; and it does this in relation to one of the most intense and also the most ideal of human feelings. (169) Of course, jealousy of a non-sexual nature torments the antagonist, the ancient, to the point that he ruins those around him and himself. Francis Ferguson in â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other† describes: On the contrary, in the â€Å"world† of his philosophy and his imagination, where his spirit lives, there is no cure for passion. He is, behind his mask, as restless as a cage of those cruel and lustful monkeys that he mentions so often. It has been pointed out that he has no intelligible plan for destroying Othello, and he never asks himself what good it will do him to ruin so many people. It is enough for him that he â€Å"hates† the Moor. . . .(133) Act 1 Scene 1 opens with an expression of jealousy and hatred: Roderigo is upbraiding Iago because of the elopement of the object of his affections –Desdemona -- with the Moor: â€Å"Thou told’st me thou didst hold him in thy hate.† Iago responds with an expression of hatred, saying that he does indeed hate the general because he â€Å"Nonsuits my mediators; for, ‘Certes,’ says he, / ‘I have already chose my officer.’† Lily B. Campbell in Shakespeare’s Tragic Heroes indicates the palpable hatred: It is then on a theme ofShow MoreRelatedOthello, By William Shakespeare1599 Words   |  7 PagesVenetian Senator Brabantio. Shakespeare undoubtedly positions the marriage to be viewed as heroic and noble, despite Othello’s hamartia and subsequent downfall that inevitably occurs. Their marriage is then sabotaged by the jealous Iago, Othello’s ensign and villain of the play. While Iago’s ostensible justification for instigating Othello’s demise was his failure to acquire Othello’s position as lieutenant, Iago’s motives are rarely directly articulated and seem to derive from an obsessive, almostRead MoreOthello Analysis838 Words   |  4 Pageslater in the essay. The audience views characters in Othello in many different ways especially when dramatic irony causes the reader/audience to view a character differently than what another character in the drama may thing of them. Othello is very diverse play in which is holds many different element s but also gives the audience a chance interpret the story. First lets discuss the elements that are found in this drama. Symbolism is used a couple different times in the drama. One is the word honestyRead MoreThe Lovely Bones, Othello And Rebecca Is Adultery1426 Words   |  6 Pagesfor example when the consensus at the time was one of a pure and perfect woman especially in Pre-war England and the Angel in the house concept at its near conclusion but still in force. The mention of adultery and seeds of doubt are first set in Othello’s head in act one in Venice at the hands of Brabantio â€Å"Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see: She has deceived her father and may thee.† Desdemona in Othello is meant to represent the purity of women in a society where women are seen to be manipulativeRead MoreEssay on Othello as a Black Man in a White Society1980 Words   |  8 PagesMan in a White Society Shakespeares play,Othello, explores themes of love and passion, otherness, jealousy, revenge and order vs. Chaos, which all revolve mainly around the protagonist, Othello. 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Iago is intent on destroying Othello’s sense of honor and reducing him to a bestial state. Iago views Othello as a beast masquerading in warrior’s dress. He wants to return Othello to what he believes to be his natural bestial state, and he realizes that to achieve this goal he must dupe Othello into violating his code of honor. Ironically, as Iago tries to unmask Othello’s bestiality, it is the beast within Iago that is exposedRead More Othello’s Diversity of Imagery Essay2781 Words   |  12 PagesOthello’s Diversity of Imagery  Ã‚        Ã‚   The diverse imagery found in Shakespeare’s drama Othello represents a world all by itself. And this world of imagery contributes to the prevailing sentiment of pain and suffering and unpleasantness.    There is no shortage of imagery in the play; this is for certain. Critic Caroline Spurgeon in â€Å"Shakespeare’s Imagery and What it Tells Us† sorts through the plethora of imagery in the play:    The main image in Othello is that of animals inRead MoreExposing Racism in William Shakespeare’s Othello Essay2036 Words   |  9 Pages The infectious discrimination of Elizabethan racists is derived from fear unnatural a racist’s hate plagues a vulnerable community of black slaves, with religion and war corrupting diverse cultures in the attempts to purify the existence of sin. This enlightening argument of what inspires William Shakespeare’s to compose the play Othello contaminates romantic relationships, Before the integration of black-skinned people into Elizabethan culture, Christian ideology coalesce Satan’s appearance withRead MoreOthello by William Shakespeare: An Epic Play Worth Reading1406 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween Love and Evil. While reading Othello, one encounters such diverse and dynamic characters as, Othello, Desdemona, Rodergio, Iago, and Cassio. These characters are all affected, in some way either by jealousy, or manipulated by Iago to feel jealousy. The literary techniques that Shakespeare uses to advance the theme of â€Å"Jealousy ultimately destroys those affected by it,† are: characterization and personification. Another theme that also pops up in Othello is â€Å"Good vs. Evil† because there areRead MoreEssay on The Other in William Shakespeares Othello2354 Words   |  10 PagesThe Other in William Shakespeares Othello In several of Shakespeares plays the writer introduces the notion of being considered an other, and whether certain groups are in or out. This theme is significantly portrayed in the play Othello, in which a black general living in Venice must constantly struggle to balance his dual nature of both Moor and Venetian. It is apparent that before the play begins, Othello has not yet resolved his duplicitous self-image; however, throughout the